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Veterinary maintenance fluid calculator1/15/2024 ![]() ![]() Hypothermia, bradycardia (heart rate, <160 bpm), and hypotension* Tachycardia (bradycardia in terminal stages) in dogs Table 1: Physical & Laboratory Abnormalities in Patients With Hypovolemia and Dehydration Common clinical conditions that lead to intravascular fluid loss include hemorrhage secondary to trauma, coagulopathy, neoplasia, gastroenteritis, pancreatitis, and peritonitis. Patients exhibiting these signs require emergent treatment to rapidly restore oxygen delivery. 5 Physical examination findings of hypovolemia ( Table 1) include tachycardia in dogs, bradycardia in cats (and in the terminal stages of shock in dogs), prolonged capillary refill time, pale mucous membranes, weak peripheral pulses, cold extremities, and altered mental state. Inadequate oxygen delivery can lead to hyperlactatemia through anaerobic glycolysis, cell membrane disruption, cell death, and organ death. Untreated intravascular fluid deficit can be life-threatening, as oxygen is important for minute-to-minute cellular function maintenance. Intravascular fluid deficit (ie, hypovolemia) leads to inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells (ie, poor perfusion or shock). Treatment of intracellular fluid deficit is beyond the scope of this article.ĭistribution of total body water in an adult nonobese cat or dog ![]() Intracellular fluid loss is generally not appreciated on physical examination and typically manifests as hypernatremia. The remaining one-third (ie, 33% of total body water or ≈20% of body weight) is in the extracellular space of this extracellular body water, 75% (≈15% of body weight) is in the interstitial space and 25% (≈5% of body weight) is in the intravascular space. 4 In adult nonobese cats and dogs, approximately two-thirds of total body water (ie, 66% of total body water or ≈40% of body weight) is in the intracellular space. 3 In addition, fat has a lower water content thus, the fluid prescription should be based on estimated lean body weight. 2 Puppies and kittens have higher total body water amount (ie, up to 80% of body weight), as total body water decreases with age. The body weight of nonobese cats and dogs is composed of approximately 60% water. Understanding the concept of fluid compartments can help the clinician determine the location of the fluid deficit and appropriate treatment. ![]()
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